Gold

Gold Is Still About The US Dollar

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GOLD IS STILL ABOUT THE US DOLLAR

The US dollar is the world’s reserve currency.  And that isn’t likely to change in any radical way, anytime soon.  Unless there is some kind of calamitous implosion of the dollar.  I am talking about outright rejection and repudiation.  And that could happen.  The problem is that there isn’t another currency that could likely take its place.  By the time that possibility becomes a reality, any possible candidates would likely be in worse shape. This includes the Euro and Chinese Yuan.

All currencies are substitutes for real money, i.e. gold.  And because all governments inflate and destroy their own currencies, the possibility of gold reasserting itself as the international medium of exchange increases considerably under the aforementioned conditions.

But, a lot of bad stuff has to happen before we get to that point. And governments around the world have too much at stake to capitulate when it comes to ceasing to issue ‘funny money’.

So, for the time being, lets focus on things as they are.  Which leads us back to the title of this article.

Gold is priced in US dollars and trades in gold are settled in US dollars because of the hegemony of the dollar and its role as the world’s reserve currency.  But what does that mean to others around the world?  For example, those who live and work in Germany (euro), Japan (yen), China (Yuan)?

When someone in Switzerland, for example, exchanges Swiss Francs for gold, they are quoted a price in Swiss Francs. That seems pretty straight-forward. But how is the price for gold in Swiss Francs calculated when the international market for gold is priced in US dollars?

The amount that someone pays in Swiss Francs (or any other non-USD currency) is determined by calculating the exchange rate between the US dollar and the specific non-USD currency involved.  Based on that calculation, it is then known how many Swiss Francs are needed to equal the transaction amount in US dollars.

What is particularly important here isn’t necessarily obvious. But it is a critical factor when assessing a transaction of this nature. And here is why.

On December 31, 2013, gold traded at $1210 per ounce. And on that day one euro could be exchanged for 1.3776 USD. Hence, 842 euros ($1210 USD divided by 1.3776 = 842) could be exchanged for $1210 USD which could then subsequently be exchanged for one ounce of gold.

Nine months later, on September 30, 2014, gold again traded at $1210 per ounce.  But the exchange rate for one euro was 1.2629 USD.  Even though the gold price in US dollars was unchanged, the cost for an ounce of gold in euros had increased nine percent to 958 ($1210 divided by 1.2629 = 958).  To be technically correct, the cost of US dollars had increased for holders of euros.

On May 31, 2016, twenty months later, gold was again trading at $1210 per ounce.  The euro had weakened further relative to the US dollar and the exchange rate for one euro was 1.1131 USD. Using the same math as before, the cost for $1210 US dollars had again increased, this time by an additional thirteen percent to 1087 euros.

Over the entire two and one-half year period (twenty-nine months in all) the cost to acquire gold for holders of euros had increased by twenty-four percent. And yet, gold itself, priced in US dollars was the same.

There are several things we can learn from this.

For one thing, there is always a demand for US dollars since they are needed for use in international trade (oil transactions are priced in US dollars, too).

For another, the potential for changes in exchange rates of any other currencies relative to the US dollar must be considered for these transactions.

The possible combinations are numerous and always different. An increase in the value of the euro relative to the US dollar in the examples above would have given us results opposite to those which actually occurred.  And, of course, every currency other than the US dollar would show different results based on their changes in value relative to the US dollar.

Currency exchange rates are continuously changing and so is the US dollar  price of gold. It is possible to have an increasing US dollar price for gold and, simultaneously, a stronger US dollar relative to another currency.  This results in a ‘double whammy’ to the holder of a non-USD  currency – unless you already own the gold.

In our examples earlier, the US dollar price of gold could actually have declined for the periods indicated and still resulted in a higher cost for holders of euros.

The US dollar price of gold does not tell us “what gold is doing”. It tells us what the US dollar is doing.  Or rather, what people think is happening to the US dollar.

But what people think is happening changes all the time. Also, the information we are ‘fed’ by the Fed is suspect and inaccurate. Hence, changes in the US dollar relative to gold are ongoing and can be quite volatile. Over time, however, the gold price in US dollars is a reasonably accurate reflection of the value of the US dollar.

The US dollar price of gold does not tell us anything about other countries and their currencies. To know that we must look at exchange rates of those currencies relative to the US dollar.

Let’s be clear about something. The ‘value’ of gold does not change.  It is original money and its value is constant and stable. And has been for several millenniums.

The value of the US dollar, however, changes all the time. This is precisely because the supply of dollars is manipulated by the Federal Reserve via the ongoing expansion and contraction of the supply of money and credit.  Mostly expansion.

For an historical, real-life example of value and purchasing power as they relate to gold and the US dollar, see my article A Loaf Of Bread, A Gallon Of Gas, An Ounce Of Gold.  

 

Kelsey Williams is the author of two books: INFLATION, WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT ISN’T, AND WHO’S RESPONSIBLE FOR IT and ALL HAIL THE FED!

Analysis Of Gold Is Lacking

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Any analysis of gold must have a correct premise.  And terms used in that analysis must be clearly understood.  For example…

“Are you pro-gold?”  Just exactly what does that mean?   Is it a political or moral issue?  In other words, does someone’s position on gold indicate ideology or lifestyle choice?  Can a political liberal be pro-gold? And if someone answers the original question in the affirmative, does that mean they are anti-something else?

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Gold And Interest Rates – A Mass Of Confusion

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Over the past several months there have been numerous articles referencing a relationship between gold and interest rates. Most of them are well-meaning attempts to convey information about recent changes in the markets as interest rates head higher.

In several instances, however, the author(s) have tried to explain a ‘perceived’ correlation between rising interest rates and the value of the US dollar – in a very positive manner. And they have imputed a similar correlation – albeit negative – in other statements with respect to Gold.  In both cases they are incorrect.  

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Gold Price $700 Or $7000? (revised and updated 1/13/2019)

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GOLD PRICE $700 OR $7000?

Does either of the above preclude the other?  In other words, if we expect gold to reach $7000.00 per ounce, and we are correct, does that mean that we can’t reasonably expect gold to go as low as $700.00 per ounce? Conversely, if we are predicting or expecting gold to continue its current decline, and even breach $1000.00 per ounce on the downside, can $7000.00 per ounce, or anything even remotely close to that number, be a reasonable possibility? 

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Warren Buffett Is Right (And Wrong) About Gold

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Warren Buffett is right – and wrong – about gold. And many others are, too.

Among their various characterizations of gold are the following:  it is an unproductive asset; it doesn’t ‘do’ anything; it just sits there; it’s too volatile; stocks are a much better investment.

And, of course, they are right.  Up to a point.  

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Gold In The Headlines (a different perspective)

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GOLD IN THE HEADLINES…

Investors Ditch Gold After Trump’s Win  (Wall Street Journal 14Nov2016)

“Investors piled into gold when polls showed Donald Trump’s chances for victory were improving.  Now that he has won the presidential election, they are selling.”

It is true that the US dollar price for gold increased as much as three percent on foreign markets when early election results here in the US indicated a substantial improvement in President Elect Trump’s odds.  However, at that particular time, it likely heightened – in some people’s eyes – the possibility of a contested election.  As the evening wore on, and it became apparent that Mr. Trump would win the election,  the uncertainty lessened and prices retreated from those higher levels.  By early morning at the opening of the US markets the price of gold was back to where it closed the day before.  The entire activity was pretty much a non-event.

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Gold: It’s All About the US Dollar

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GOLD: IT’S ALL ABOUT THE US DOLLAR 

The relationship between gold and the US dollar is similar to that between bonds and interest rates.  Gold and the US dollar move inversely.  So do bonds and interest rates.

If you own bonds, then you know that if interest rates are rising, the value of your bonds is declining.  And, conversely, if interest rates are declining, the value of your bonds is rising.  One does not ’cause’ the other.  Either result is the actual inverse of the other.

When you were a kid you probably rode on a see-saw or teeter-totter at some time.  When you are on the ground, someone on the other end of the see-saw is up in the air.  And, vice-versa, when you are up in the air, the other person is on the ground.  Again, one does not ’cause’ the other.   Either position is the inverse of the other.

Gold is stable.  It is constant.  And it is real money.  Since gold is priced in US dollars and since the US dollar is in a state of perpetual decline, the US dollar price of gold will continue to rise over time.

There are ongoing subjective, changing valuations of the US dollar from time-to-time and these changing valuations show up in the constantly fluctuating value of gold in US dollars. But in the end, what really matters is what you can buy with your dollars which, over time, is less and less.

The US dollar has lost ninety-eight percent of its purchasing power over the last one hundred years.  And over that same one hundred years, what you can  buy with an ounce of gold remains stable, or better.  (See my article  A Loaf Of Bread, A Gallon Of Gas, An Ounce Of Gold)

Gold’s value is not determined by world events, political turmoil, or industrial demand. The only thing that you need to know in order to understand and appreciate gold for what it is, is to know and understand what is happening to the US dollar.

And what is happening to the US dollar?  It is in a constant state of deterioration, punctuated with periods of temporary strength and stability.  This is reflected directly in the US dollar price of gold.

The value of gold as priced in US dollars is a direct reflection of the value of the US Dollar. Remember, gold is the constant.  The value of the US dollar is continually declining over time but always fluctuating (both up and down).

From my article Gold Is Real Money :

The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States was established in 1913. At that time the U.S. dollar was fully convertible into gold at a rate of twenty ($20.65) dollars to the ounce. You could exchange paper currency of twenty dollars for one ounce of gold in coin form. The coins were minted by the U.S. government. Gold in other forms (dust, flakes, nuggets, etc) also had circulated as money at the same ratio of twenty dollars to the ounce once its purity and weight was established. Fast forward one hundred years. The U.S. dollar has lost 98% of its purchasing power over the last century. In other words, it takes fifty times as many dollars to buy today what one dollar would buy a hundred years ago. Whereas one ounce of gold will still buy today what it would a hundred years ago.

Kelsey Williams is the author of two books: INFLATION, WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT ISN’T, AND WHO’S RESPONSIBLE FOR IT and ALL HAIL THE FED!

A Loaf Of Bread, A Gallon Of Gas, An Ounce Of Gold

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The average cost for a loaf of bread in 1930 was ten cents ($.10). The average cost for a gallon of gasoline was also ten cents.

With gold priced in U.S. dollars at $20.00 to the ounce, you could at that time purchase two hundred loaves of bread or two hundred gallons of gasoline (or some combination thereof).

Twenty dollars of paper currency OR one ounce of gold valued at $20.00, usually in the form of a U.S. Double Eagle ($20.00 gold coin, legal tender), were equal in “purchasing power”.

Over the next four decades the cost for a loaf of bread/gallon of gasoline  continued to increase such that in 1970 the respective costs were twenty-five cents/thirty-six cents.  An ounce of gold (at $40.00) would purchase  one hundred sixty loaves of bread/one hundred eleven gallons of gasoline.   That is considerably less than the two hundred units of either item which could have been purchased in 1930.  But the numbers are even worse when we look at what twenty dollars of U.S. paper currency would buy in 1970: eighty loaves of bread/fifty-five gallons of gasoline.  Both gold and the U.S. dollar lost purchasing power over the forty-year period 1930-70 but  the U.S. dollar was the “biggest loser”.

Time for a bit of history to help us understand what had happened historically over the course of that forty-year period.  In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt issued an executive order prohibiting private ownership of gold by U.S. citizens and revaluing gold at $35.00 to the ounce.  Also, U.S. paper currency would no longer be convertible into gold for U.S. citizens.  Foreign holders (primarily foreign governments) could continue to redeem their holdings of U.S. dollars for gold at the “new, official” rate of $35.00 to the ounce.  But what does that really mean?

If you are a foreign holder of U.S. dollars, you had just been told that your stash of “money” (in the form of U.S. currency) was now worth forty-one percent less than previously.  It was a tacit admission by the U.S. government that they had been “inflating” the money supply aggressively as evidenced by the cumulative effects of that inflation showing up in the cost of goods and services (i.e. average cost of loaf of bread/gallon of  gasoline).

The Depression (1930s) and World War II (1940s) “conveniently” received much of the blame. But things progressed reasonably well (economically speaking) throughout the fifties and sixties. By the late 1960’s and early 1970’s foreign governments were demanding returns of their gold on deposit here in the U.S.  Some of that gold was the result of new redemptions of the accumulation of U.S. dollars which they held and which were promised as redeemable in gold.

In 1968, the United States Government again revalued gold “officially” at $40.00 to the ounce and at the same time acknowledged a “free market” price for gold which could operate on its own, independently. However, the U.S. would not recognize the free market price in any official dealings/transactions.

By 1971 things were getting a bit dicey.  Foreign governments wanted their gold, but the U.S. did not want to release it.  Or, they didn’t have it.  Probably some combination of both.  So, in August 1971, President Nixon suspended any further convertibility of U.S. dollars into gold by non-U.S. citizens.  All hell broke loose. Literally.

Prices of goods and services in the United States began rising rapidly (historically speaking) and the U.S. dollar price of gold peaked in 1980 at $850.00 to the ounce.  The average price for gold in 1980 was $615.00 to the ounce.

By 1980 the average cost of a loaf of bread was $.50 (double what it was in 1970) and the average cost of a gallon of gasoline had settled out at $1.19 (several years after the Arab Oil Embargo of early 1970’s).  The above stated average U.S. dollar price of gold ($615.00 to the ounce) would purchase twelve hundred thirty loaves of bread or five hundred sixteen gallons of gasoline.  And the good old U.S. dollar?  Twenty dollars in U.S. paper currency would buy forty loaves of bread/seventeen gallons of gasoline.

Ten years later, in 1990, a loaf of bread had increased to $.70 and a gallon of gasoline to $1.34.  With gold at $338 USD/oz you could purchase four hundred eighty-two loaves of bread/two hundred fifty-two gallons of gasoline. Twenty U.S. dollars would buy twenty-eight loaves of bread/fifteen gallons of gasoline.

So where are we today?  The average cost of a loaf of bread and a gallon of gasoline are approximately the same – about $2.50. With gold at $1300.00 to the ounce you can purchase five hundred twenty loaves of bread or five hundred twenty gallons of gasoline which is nearly one hundred sixty percent MORE than the amount you could have purchased with one ounce of gold in 1930.

And twenty dollars in U.S. currency will purchase eight loaves of bread or eight gallons of gasoline which is ninety-six percent LESS than the amount you could have purchased with twenty dollars in U.S. currency in 1930.

What else do you need to know?  Get some gold.

 

Kelsey Williams is the author of two books: INFLATION, WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT ISN’T, AND WHO’S RESPONSIBLE FOR IT and ALL HAIL THE FED!

Gold “A Pet Rock”?

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Is gold “a pet rock”?

“A pet rock” is how a noted financial columnist has described gold on a couple of occasions within the past year or two. Which is not surprising given the premise for the logic used to arrive at his conclusion.  That premise, or assumption, is the reason that most people (financial writers, advisors, investors, and economists included) are incorrect in their analysis of the yellow metal.

That premise/assumption is that gold is an investment.  It is not.  It is also not insurance or a hedge against chaos.  It is real money.

There is only one thing anyone needs to know with regards to the value of gold.  And that is the value of the U.S. dollar.

Gold is quoted in U.S. dollars and the dollar is the worlds reserve currency.  The “price” of gold in U.S. dollars is an inverse reflection of the value of the U.S. dollar.  And yes, it does change continuously, and ongoing.  And yes, there are more extreme changes for short periods of time which don’t correlate exactly to changes in purchasing power of the U.S. dollar.  But the most extreme changes occur after longer periods of time when the cumulative effects of inflation are recognized more fully by holders of the depreciating paper currency (i.e. U.S. dollar).  And since paper currencies (including government debt) can be manipulated by government, expectations and reactions become more volatile.

Without a clearly explicit understanding of the above paragraph, we will continue to see unexpected results which defy our logic if we  ‘invest’ in gold as a “hedge against the chaos and resulting breakdown of society”; unless that chaos results in a significant decline and/or breakdown of the U.S. dollar itself.

What is particularly ironic is that the writer states in his article “gold has also preserved its purchasing power over remarkably long periods”.  Which is exactly the point.  Gold is a store of value and, hence, real money.  It is the U.S. dollar which is volatile, and which continues to lose value.

With respect to concerns about some of the more dramatic changes in the price of gold  over shorter periods of time, most of the time when those particular examples are cited, they are referenced to the exclusion of more telling facts.

For example, it is a  well-known fact that gold in January was priced at $800.00 to the ounce and that its price  in U.S. dollars some twenty years later was $275.00 to the ounce.  Sounds horrible if you are looking at gold as an investment, right?  Of course.  But lets assume that our logic based on a faulty assumption (i.e. that gold is an investment) is correct.  And then what would have happened if you had bought gold at $275.00 to the ounce in 1999?  Its recent price at $1250.00 to the ounce is a nearly three hundred fifty percent increase.  And what if you had bought gold prior to 1980?  What if you were prescient enough to exchange your U.S. dollars for gold in 1971 at $35.00 to the ounce?  By 1980 you would have a profit of nearly twenty-two hundred percent!  Are these examples any less valid? No. It is a matter of perspective.  And that perspective gets clouded sometimes depending on an individual’s point of view.

Quoting from the same article, “In the shorter term, gold fluctuates so wildly that it is a surprisingly poor hedge against increases in the cost of living.” Does that mean that stocks and real estate are also “poor hedge(s) against increases in the cost of living”?  How would your stock broker answer that question?

For most of my lifetime (sixty-eight years) I have owned gold for what I think are the right reasons.  It may be a ‘pet rock’ to some folks, but to me it is real money.

 

Kelsey Williams is the author of two books: INFLATION, WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT ISN’T, AND WHO’S RESPONSIBLE FOR IT and ALL HAIL THE FED!

History Of Gold As Money

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HISTORY OF GOLD

Gold emerged as money of choice through competition.  Many other things (beads, grains, various industrial metals, etc) were tried throughout history.  For one reason or another they didn’t work consistently over longer periods of time.

The first gold coins appeared around 560 B.C.  Over time it became a practice to store larger amounts of gold in warehouses.  Paper receipts were issued certifying that the gold was on deposit.  These receipts were negotiable instruments of trade and commerce which could be signed over to others.  They were not actual currency but are a presumed forerunner to our modern checking system.

The warehouse proprietors (‘bankers’) decided they needed to find a way to increase their profits.  Earning fees from their depository and safekeeping services wasn’t enough.  Since most of the gold remained in storage and most transactions involved exchange or transfer of paper receipts for the  gold on deposit, they decided to issue ‘loans’ of the gold/money to others and charge interest.  The cumulative amounts of gold loaned out could not exceed the amount of gold held in storage.  And, hopefully, not too many depositors would ask to redeem their physical gold at the same time.

By this time, there were reasonable indications of just how much gold needed to be kept available to meet the ongoing, day-to-day withdrawal  demand.  The warehouses (banks) began issuing loans in the form of receipts backed by the gold held on deposit.  Which shouldn’t be a problem as long as people continued to trade with their paper receipts.  And occasional redemptions of receipts (withdrawals of gold from storage) were met with smiling faces. Business as usual.

It seemed to be a workable system.  But apparently the ‘bankers’ were not content.  They soon started issuing more loans/receipts for gold which did not exist.  Of course they saw no need to inform anyone of their actions and the receipts still stated that they were redeemable in fixed amounts of gold.  And when some wanted to take possession of their gold on a physical basis they could still do so.  Up to a point.

Questions arose, however, as to the value of the paper currency. More and more individuals, companies, and countries opted for real money – gold.  There simply wasn’t enough gold to meet the redemption demands.  And to whatever extent it was available, the banks and the government didn’t want to release it.

GOLD IN THE 20TH CENTIURY

As late as the early twentieth century, U.S. paper currency was issued with a clear statement specifying that it was redeemable for specific amounts of gold (and silver) at fixed rates.  In addition, gold (and silver) circulated concurrently with U.S. paper currency and were interchangeable.  One was as good as the other. Supposedly.

In 1933 President Roosevelt issued an executive order “forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States”.  Then, in 1971, President Nixon suspended convertibility of the U.S. dollar into gold by foreign nations.

For the past fifty years there has been no fixed convertibility of U.S, dollars (i.e., paper) into gold (i.e., money).

What we call money today is really just paper which we can use to buy real money – gold;  if we’re smart.

Kelsey Williams is the author of two books: INFLATION, WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT ISN’T, AND WHO’S RESPONSIBLE FOR IT and ALL HAIL THE FED!